Analysis of the Micrometeoroid and Debris Hazard Posed to an Orbiting Parabolic Mirror

Many concepts of future space systems involve the use of parabolic mirrors for optical applications. The need for a highly reflective finish means that performance of such systems will be particularly vulnerable to space debris and micrometeoroids. A case study was performed to examine the micrometeoroid and debris hazard posed to an orbiting parabolic mirror. The mirror considered was nominally Earth-pointed in a circular orbit with two candidate altitudes in low Earth orbit (LEO), well within the region inhabited by man-made debris. The timeframes of interest for the two missions were 2002–2004 and 2005–2015. Microgram and larger particles were considered.To perform this study, it was necessary to determine the debris and meteoroid flux across the parabolic surface. To assess sensitivity of results to uncertainity in available data, two approaches were taken. The first approach was an analytical procedure based on use of long duration exposure facility (LDEF) data and published theoretical results. The second approach used two readily available computer models: the ESA MASTER model and NASA's ORDEM96. In addition, an in-house implementation of the Grün meteoroid model was used. While multiple results were available for the total flux and flux distributed over azimuth, only the MASTER model was available for generating the desired elevation data to obtain the flux distribution over the parabolic mirror. In an attempt to bound the uncertainty in the knowledge of the elevation distribution, the results from both the MASTER and ORDEM96 models were processed together to form a separate, hybrid prediction. In addition, results were used in the preliminary design of a protective skirt.This case study elucidated the practical obstacles and considerations in performing a sufficiently accurate debris and meteoroid analysis using data and tools that are readily available to the broad space sector. The resulting procedures are useful in the assessment of the risk posed to optics by the meteoroid and debris environment and in the design of protection.     

空间光学遥感器主镜展开机构重复定位精度分析

提出了基于赫兹接触理论的空间光学遥感器主镜展开机构重复定位精度分析方法,利用该方法分别对Boyes支承和Kelvin支承在两种典型布置方式下进行重复定位误差分析。分析结果表明:Boyes支承的重复定位误差受锁紧力不一致性的影响比Kelvin支承要小;增大定位球直径可以减小因锁紧力不一致性而引起的重复定位误差(绝对值),并且减小的趋势逐渐变缓;在对接面内与旁瓣转轴方向相垂直的方向上,重复定位误差对锁紧力位置误差最为敏感。     

海上夜间飞行的实时仿真

自然场景仿真是虚拟现实技术的重要部分,夜间海上飞行时,星空、月亮以及海面的倒影是独具特色的自然场景.为营造沉浸感强的夜海飞行虚拟现实系统,用粒子系统实现了星空的模拟,将星体动态闪烁现象演化为粒子生命的概念,并按照主导算法加扰动的思想实现星空随机性模拟;用特殊纹理融合算法模拟月亮及星月在海面的镜像,特殊纹理经过制作、着色和融合3个过程,并根据夜空景像在海面倒影的亮度衰减规律确定融合因子,将纹理和背景按照融合因子进行深度融合;最终实现了较逼真的夜海飞行虚拟现实系统.      

国外空间用三反离轴相机发展分析与思考

空间用三反离轴光学系统自20世纪70年代提出,从90年代开始在多个国家的卫星光学有效载荷中已经或计划得到应用并快速发展,技术基本成熟,领域涉及到对地观测、空间目标探测、天文观测、多光谱热成像、立体测绘等,但是普遍认为制造装调技术比较难.文章通过广泛调研国外三反离轴系统在空间的应用和发展现状,并按应用情况、系统参数和系统构型进行了分类比较,分析其发展趋势,为中国空间相机发展三反离轴光学系统提供借鉴.     

真空低温环境用大口径轻量化椭圆平反镜设计

文章介绍了真空低温环境用大口径轻量化椭圆平反镜的结构设计、轻量化设计。并针对椭圆平反镜的装卡特点、使用环境,利用有限元分析技术分析了椭圆平反镜在力载荷、温度载荷作用下的变形。根据计算结果和使用情况给出了反射镜的设计结论。     

旋流器旋向组合对中心分级燃烧室性能的影响

针对四种不同旋向组合的旋流器,进行了常压下中心分级燃烧室在不同进气参数条件下的试验研究,获得了在试验条件下的燃烧规律。试验结果表明:值班级旋向对燃烧性能有明显的影响,主燃级旋向对燃烧有一定作用;当旋向组合为顺-逆-逆时,燃烧室贫油熄火性能比其他方案较好,贫油熄火时油气比为6.6×10-3,同时,CO,UHC排放性能及燃烧效率较优,CO排放最低达到98mg/m3,UHC排放最低达到650mg/m3,效率最高达到97.1%;但旋向为顺-逆-顺时,其出口温度分布系数(OTDF)最低为0.21,出口温度特性较好。     

空间遥感器大口径反射镜支撑结构型式综述

文章针对空间遥感器大口径反射镜（口径大于500mm）总结了影响支撑结构设计的主要因素，介绍了几种主要的支撑结构型式，并讨论了支撑结构设计中所需要考虑的若干问题。     

大口径SiC反射镜背部筋板布局设计研究

背部筋板布局在大口径反射镜轻量化设计中占有重要地位。在工程上，反射镜构型只能从有限的种类和数量中选取。为了进一步提高优化效率，文章对大口径SiC反射镜背部拓扑构型的分类方法进行了研究，提出了三角形筋板构型分类方法。文章按照分类进行了实例设计和计算，结果说明这种分类对大口径SiC反射镜背部筋板的布局设计有很好的指导作用。     

初教机飞行特情处置训练策略研究

初教机飞行特情处置训练是飞行学员飞行训练的重要组成部分。本文依据飞行人员正确处置空中特情所必须具备的基本条件,提出了系统进行初教机飞行特情处置训练的相关策略,对提高初教机飞行特情处置训练水平有一定的参考意义。     

ENGage: The use of space and pixel art for increasing primary school children's interest in science,technology, engineering and mathematics

The Faculty of Engineering at The University of Nottingham, UK, has developed interdisciplinary, hands-on workshops for primary schools that introduce space technology, its relevance to everyday life and the importance of science, technology, engineering and maths. The workshop activities for 7–11 year olds highlight the roles that space and satellite technology play in observing and monitoring the Earth's biosphere as well as being vital to communications in the modern digital world. The programme also provides links to ‘how science works’, the environment and citizenship and uses pixel art through the medium of digital photography to demonstrate the importance of maths in a novel and unconventional manner.The interactive programme of activities provides learners with an opportunity to meet ‘real’ scientists and engineers, with one of the key messages from the day being that anyone can become involved in science and engineering whatever their ability or subject of interest. The methodology introduces the role of scientists and engineers using space technology themes, but it could easily be adapted for use with any inspirational topic.Analysis of learners’ perceptions of science, technology, engineering and maths before and after participating in ENGage showed very positive and significant changes in their attitudes to these subjects and an increase in the number of children thinking they would be interested and capable in pursuing a career in science and engineering. This paper provides an overview of the activities, the methodology, the evaluation process and results.